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Exercise 15 p.148
Convert from scientific to ordinary notations
\(3\times 10^3\)=3,000
\(6\times 10^6\)=6,000,000
\(3.4\times 10^5\)=340,000
\(2\times 10^{-2}\)=0.02
\(2.1\times 10^{-4}\)=0.00021
\(4\times 10^{-5}\)=0.00004
Exercise 17 p.148
Convert from ordinary to scientific notations
233=\(2.33 \times 10^2 \)
126,547=\(1.26547 \times 10^5 \)
0.11=\(1.1 \times 10^{-1} \)
9736.23=\(9.73623 \times 10^{3} \)
124.58=\(1.2458 \times 10^2 \)
0.8642=\(8.642 \times 10^{-1} \)
Exercise 19 p.148
Perform the operations; express the answers in scientific notation
\( (3 \times 10^3) \times (2 \times 10^2) \) \(= (3 \times 2) \times (10^3 \times 10^2) \) \( = 6 \times 10^5 \) <------ your answer
\( (4 \times 10^2) \times (3 \times 10^8) \) \(= (4 \times 3) \times (10^2 \times 10^8) \) \( = 12 \times 10^{10} \) \( = 1.2 \times 10^{11} \) <------ your answer
\( (3 \times 10^3) + (2 \times 10^2) \) \(= (3 \times 10^3) + (0.2 \times 10^3) \) \(= (3+0.2) \times 10^3 \) \(= 3.2 \times 10^3 \) <------ your answer
\( (8 \times 10^{12}) \div (2 \times 10^4) \)
\( = \frac{8 \times 10^{12}} {2 \times 10^4} \)
\(= \frac{8}{2} \times \frac{10^{12}}{10^4} \)
\(= 4 \times 10^8\)
<------ your answer
Exercise 21 p.148
Give the factor by which the numbers differ
\(10^{35} \) and \(10^{26}\)
The factor is their ratio: \(\frac{10^{35}}{10^{26}} = 10^{35-26}=10^9 \)
Answer: \(10^{35}\) is \(10^9\) times \(10^{26} \).
Give the factor by which the numbers differ
\(10^{17} \) and \(10^{27}\)
The factor is their ratio: \(\frac{10^{17}}{10^{27}} = 10^{17-27}=10^{-10} \)
Answer: \(10^{17}\) is \(10^{27}\) times \(10^{-10} \).
Give the factor by which the numbers differ
1 billion and 1 million
1 billion is \(10^9\) while 1 million is \(10^6\).
The factor is their ratio: \(\frac{10^{9}}{10^{6}} = 10^{9-6}=10^{3} \)
Answer: 1 billion is a thousand times bigger than 1 million.
Exercise 23 p.148
Rewrite the statement using scientific notations.
My new music player has a capacity of 340 gigabytes.
Since "giga" means billion, 340 gigabytes is 340 billion bytes,
that is \(340 \times 10^9\) \(= 3.4 \times 10^{11} \)
We conclude that the music player has a capacity of \(3.4 \times 10^{11} \) bytes.
Exercise 25 p.148
Rewrite the statement using scientific notations.
The diameter of a typical bacterium is about 0.000001 meter.
Since \( 0.000001 = 10^{-6} \) this diameter is about
\(10^{-6}\) meter, or one micrometer.
Exercise 27 p.148
Estimate the quantity \(300,000 \times 100 \).
\(300,000 \times 100 \) \(=3 \times 10^5 \times 10^2\) \(=3 \times 10^7\) <---- your answer
This value is exact.
Estimate the quantitiy 5.1 million \(\times\) 1.9 thousand.
Note that 5.1 million \(=5.1 \times 10^6 \),
while 1.9 thousand \(=1.9 \times 10^3 \)
We now multiply \( (5.1 \times 10^6) \times (1.9 \times 10^3)\) \(=(5.1 \times 1.9) \times 10^9\) \(\approx 10 \times 10^9\) \(=10^{10}\) <------- your approximation
The exact value is \(9.69 \times 10^9 \).
Estimate the quantitiy \(4 \times 10^9 \div (2.1 \times 10^6)\)
We divide \(\frac{4 \times 10^9} {2.1 \times 10^6} \) \(=\frac{4}{2.1} \times \frac{10^9}{10^6}\) \( \approx 2 \times 10^3 \) <------- your approximation
The exact value is \(1,904.762 \approx 1.9 \times 10^3 \).
Exercise 33 p.148
Estimate the number of times your heart beats in a week.
Solution. One has approximately one heartbeat in a second. There are 60 seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour, and 24 hours in a day, and 7 days in a week. We thus need to approximately calculate \(60 \times 60 \times 24 \times 7 \) \(= 604800 \) \( \approx 6 \times 10^5 \) <----- your answer
Exercise 49 p.149
Find the scale ratio on a map where 2 centimeters represent 100 kilometers.
Since centi- means \(10^{-2}\), 2 centimeters is \(2 \times 10^{-2} \) meters.
Since kilo- means \(10^3\), 100 kilometers is \(100 \times 10^3\) \(= 10^5 \) meters.
Their ratio:
\( \frac{10^5}{2 \times 10^{-2}} \)
\(= \frac{1 \times 10^5}{2 \times 10^{-2}} \)
\(= 0.5 \times 10^7\)
\(= 5 \times 10^6 \)
\(= 5,000,000 \)
Answer:
Scale ratio is \( 5,000,000 \) to \(1 \)
Exercise 50 p.149
Find the scale ratio on a map where 1 inch represent 10 miles.
We need to calculate the ratio \(\frac{10 \ \text{mile}}{1 \ \text{inch}}\).
1 mile = 1,760 yards, 1 yard = 3 feet, 1 foot = 12 inches.
Thus 10 mile = \( 10 \times 1,760 \times 3 \times 12 = 633,600 \) inches.
Answer: Scale ratio is \( 633,600 \) to \(1 \)
Exercise 59 p.149
Approximately 32,300 Americans died in automobile accidents in 2012. Express this toll in deaths per day.
There are 365 days in a year.
The average number of deaths per day is \( \frac {32300}{365} \approx 88 \) <------ your answer
Exercise 70 p.150
Bad news: the Sun is going to die in approximately 5 billion years.
It took approximately 65 million years from the time the dinosaurs were wiped out by an asteroid impact until humans arrived on the scene.
Assume that by an abuse of technology humans are wiped out, and it takes another 65 million years for the next intelligent species to arise on Earth. They again abuse technology to wipe themselves out.
How many such cycles may occur until the Sun dies?
Exercise 70 p.150 ... continued
65 million years from a catastrophe till intelligent species, and 5 billion years until the Sun dies
Solution: \( \frac {5 \ \text {billion}}{65 \ \text{million}} = \frac{5 \times 10^9}{65 \times 10^6} = \frac{5}{65} \times 10^3 \approx 77 \)
Answer: approximately 77 times